The definition of CNC machine axes
In order to simplify programming and ensure the program's flexibility, a standardized system has been established for the naming and orientation of numerically controlled (NC) machine tools. The linear movement axes are designated as X, Y, and Z, referred to as the basic coordinate axes. These axes follow the right-hand rule, which defines their relative directions. As illustrated in the figure, the thumb points in the positive X direction, the index finger in the positive Y direction, and the middle finger in the positive Z direction.
The rotational or circular feed axes corresponding to the X, Y, and Z axes are labeled A, B, and C, respectively. According to the right-handed screw rule, if the thumb points in the +X, +Y, or +Z direction, the fingers indicate the positive direction of the circular motion along the A, B, or C axes.
The movement of the CNC machine tool is typically achieved by moving the tool, although in some cases, the worktable moves instead. The positive direction of each axis is defined as the direction in which the tool moves relative to the workpiece. If the workpiece moves instead, it is denoted with an apostrophe ('). Based on the principle of relative motion, the direction of the workpiece movement is opposite to that of the tool movement. This relationship can be expressed as:
+X = -X', +Y = -Y', +Z = -Z'
+A = -A', +B = -B', +C = -C'
This means that when the tool moves in the positive direction, the workpiece moves in the negative direction, and vice versa. The actual orientation of the machine axes depends on the type of machine and its component layout.
For lathes, the Z-axis aligns with the spindle axis. Moving in the positive Z direction increases the distance between the tool and the workpiece. The X-axis is perpendicular to the Z-axis and represents the radial movement of the turret tool holder. Moving in the positive X direction also increases the distance between the tool and the part. The Y-axis, which is often a dummy axis, together with the X and Z axes, forms a coordinate system that follows the right-hand rule.
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