The definition of CNC machine axes
In order to simplify programming and ensure the program's flexibility, a standardized coordinate system has been established for numerically controlled (NC) machine tools. This system defines the linear axes as X, Y, and Z, known as the basic coordinate axes. The orientation of these axes follows the right-hand rule: when the thumb points in the positive X direction, the index finger points in the positive Y direction, and the middle finger points in the positive Z direction. This helps maintain consistency across different machines.
The rotational axes around the X, Y, and Z axes are labeled A, B, and C respectively. These represent circular feed motions. According to the right-handed screw rule, if the thumb points in the positive direction of X, Y, or Z, then the fingers curl in the positive direction of A, B, or C. This ensures a consistent way to define rotational movements across various machine types.
Feed motion in CNC machines is typically achieved by moving the tool relative to the workpiece. In some cases, the worktable moves instead. The positive direction of each axis is defined as the direction in which the tool moves away from the workpiece. If the workpiece is moving, it is denoted with an apostrophe ('). The relationship between tool movement and workpiece movement is opposite: +X equals -X', +Y equals -Y', and so on for all axes.
This principle applies to both linear and rotational movements, meaning that the negative direction of one movement corresponds to the positive direction of the other. The actual orientation of the machine axes can vary depending on the type of machine and its component layout.
For lathes, the Z-axis aligns with the spindle axis. Moving in the positive Z direction increases the distance between the tool and the workpiece. The X-axis is perpendicular to the Z-axis and represents radial movement of the turret tool holder. Moving in the positive X direction also increases the distance between the tool and the part. The Y-axis, often considered a dummy axis, works alongside X and Z to form a right-handed coordinate system, providing a complete reference frame for machining operations.
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