Design, Processing and Inspection of Geometric Angle of Turnable Turning Tools

With the increasing adoption of CNC machine tools, the application scope of indexable turning tools continues to expand. These tools offer fast processing speeds, stable dimensions, and allow for quick blade replacement once worn, significantly improving machining efficiency and reducing tooling costs. The design of an indexable turning tool involves careful consideration of its geometry, including the main cutting angle, rake angle, and clearance angle. The position of the insert groove is primarily determined by the main cutting angle (kr), the blade inclination angle (ls), and the rake angle (g0). Table 1 provides recommended values for the main cutting angle based on different machining conditions. For roughing operations with good system rigidity, a range of 45° to 75° is suggested, while for systems with lower rigidity, the angle should be between 60° and 75°. When machining slender shafts or thin-walled parts, a larger angle of 90° to 95° is recommended. Table 2 outlines the recommended blade inclination angles for various cutting conditions. Finishing operations typically use a positive blade inclination of 0° to 5°, while rough turning and intermittent cutting may require a negative range of -5° to 0°. For hardened materials, a more negative angle of -5° to -10° is advised. Table 3 shows the recommended rake angles for different workpiece materials. For low carbon steel, the rake angle ranges from 13° to 25°, while for high-strength steel, it is typically between 5° and 10°. Cast iron and other materials also have specific recommendations to optimize performance and tool life. In addition to these angles, the lead angle (kr) plays a crucial role in determining tool life. A smaller lead angle can increase tool longevity, but if the system lacks rigidity, this may cause increased radial forces, leading to vibration and reduced accuracy. Therefore, selecting the appropriate lead angle is essential, as detailed in Table 1. The blade inclination (ls) also affects chip flow direction and cutting edge sharpness. During finishing, a positive blade angle helps prevent chips from damaging the machined surface. Designers should refer to Table 2 for optimal blade inclination values. The rake angle (g0) directly influences the strength and sharpness of the cutting edge. While a larger rake angle improves chip removal and extends tool life, it may weaken the cutting edge if overdone. Table 3 offers guidance on selecting the right rake angle based on material type. When designing indexable turning tools, the relief angle is equally important, as it reduces friction between the tool’s flank and the workpiece. The back angle and front angle must be carefully balanced during the design process. Table 4 provides recommended values for these angles depending on the workpiece material. Modeling and drawing of the tool involve precise labeling of all parameters, as shown in Figure 1. Using AutoCAD 2000, the designer first selects the insert based on the machining conditions, then calculates the necessary angles. In solid modeling, the blade rotation sequence follows the main angle, then the blade angle, and finally the normal angle. The conversion formula tan(n) = tan(0) × cos(ls) is used to adjust the angles accordingly. For small batch production on ordinary milling machines, universal flat pliers are commonly used as fixtures. Tools with more rotary axes provide greater flexibility, though they may be less rigid. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the coordinate systems for four-axis and three-axis flat pliers. When using a four-axis plier, the rotation sequence is: main angle → blade angle → normal angle. For a three-axis plier, the calculation formulas (tan(q) = tan(0)/tan(ls) and tan(a) = √(tan²(0) + tan²(ls))) help determine the correct angles. In large-scale production, side horns and bottom adjustments can simplify the process. Finally, angle detection is critical for ensuring proper tool performance. The main cutting angle (kr) can be measured using a universal tool microscope, while the blade inclination (ls) and relief angle (a0) are measured with an angle ruler. Additional measurements follow standard procedures for conventional turning tools.

Water To Air Heat Pump

Introduction of GENT water to air heat pump

 

1. What is water to air heat pump?

GENT water to air heat pump is a high efficiency Air Conditioning unit that uses natural water at normal temperature as the cooling and heating source and the refrigerant as the medium to achieve indoor space heating and cooling by blowing air directly into the room.

 

2. What is the available water source for the unit?

The water to air ac unit uses natural water at normal temperature as the heating and cooling source, such as surface runoff, groundwater, etc. During the operation of the unit, the water pump draws water from the preset water intake point, and then the water enters the unit to exchange heat with the indoor air. After the heat exchange, the water will be discharged back to the water intake point through the water pump.

 

3. What is the working principle of the unit?

The water cooled ac unit uses the natural water at normal temperature as the heating and cooling source and refrigerant as the medium to achieve the direct heat exchange between the cooling and heating source and indoor air. In winter, the unit transports the heat in the water source to the room to achieve indoor space heating, and in summer, the unit discharges the heat in the indoor air into the water to achieve indoor space cooling.

 

4. What is the output of the unit?

The water cooled air con directly produces air, and achieves indoor space heating and cooling by blowing air directly into the room. Therefore, the direct expansion unit does not need matching terminals, which can effectively control the equipment purchase cost and the installation difficulty.

 

5. What are the significant features of the unit?

Stable operation and significant cooling and heating effect

As the heating and cooling source of the water cooled air conditioner, the natural water at normal temperature has a stable temperature all year round, so it can ensure the stable operation of the unit. In addition, the water temperature will not be too high in summer and too low in winter, so the unit can still have excellent cooling and heating effects when the ambient temperature is extremely high or extremely low. What’s more, during the operation of the unit, the cooling and heating source directly exchange heat with the indoor air without a secondary heat exchange process, so the unit has a significant cooling and heating effect.

 

In summary, this is a unit that is very worthy of users’ consideration. Users who are interested in this water cooled air conditioning units or have indoor cooling and heating needs are welcome to communicate with us.

 

 

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GUANGZHOU GENT NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD , https://www.gentgz.com